Categories
Grammar and Grace

How Do You Write Compound Words? (Part 1)

A friend of mine edited my latest manuscript for me. She mentioned that I have a tendency toward not writing compound words correctly. I’m thinking I may not be the only person who struggles with compound words. I’ve begun a list of those pesky words. Here’s the first installment. Sorry the three columns of my original document shows up as one here!

aboveboard

afterglow

afterimage

afterlife

afternoon

aircraft

airfield

airlift

airline

airmen

airplane

airport

airtime

allover

allspice

alongside

also

another

anybody

anyhow

anymore

anyone

anyone

anyplace

anytime

anyway

anywhere

around

ashtray

babysitter

backache

backache

backbite

backbite

backbone

backbone

backbreaker

backdrop

backfire

background

backhand

backlash

backlog

backpack

backside

backslap

backslide

backspace

backspin

backstage

backstroke

backtrack

backward

ballpark

ballroom

bankbook

bankroll

baseball

basketball

beachcomb

bedclothes

bedrock

bedroll

bedroom

bellbottom

bellboy

bellhop

below

blackball

blackberries

blackbird

blackboard

blackjack

blacklist

blackmail

blackout

blacksmith

blacktop

blowgun

bluebell

blueberry

bluebird

bluefish

bluegrass

blueprint

boardwalk

bodyguard

bodywork

boldface

bookcase

bookend

bookkeeper

bookmark

bookmobile

bookseller

bookshelf

bookstore

bookworm

bootstrap

bowlegs

bowtie

brainchild

brainwash

butterball

buttercup

butterfingers

butterflies

buttermilk

butternut

butterscotch

bypass

cabdriver

cancan

candlelight

candlestick

cannot

cardboard

cardsharp

cardstock

carefree

caretaker

careworn

carfare

cargo

carhop

carload

carpetbagger

carpool

carport

carrack

carryall

carsick

cartwheel

cattail

catwalk

caveman

cheeseburger

cheesecake

clockwise

coffeemaker

comeback

comeback

comedown

commonplace

commonwealth

cornmeal

courthouse

courtyard

crossbow

crossbreed

crosscut

crosswalk

dairymaid

daisywheel

daybed

daybook

daybreak

daydream

daylight

daytime

deadline

dishcloth

dishpan

dishwasher

dishwater

dogwood

doorstop

downbeat

drawbridge

driveway

duckbill

duckpin

duckweed

earache

eardrop

eardrum

earring

earthbound

earthquake

earthward

earthworm

egghead

eggshell

elsewhere

everything

eyeballs

eyeglasses

eyelash

eyelid

eyesight

eyesight

eyewitness

fatherland

firearm

fireball

fireboat

firebomb

firebreak

firecracker

firefighter

fireflies

firehouse

fireproof

firewater

fireworks

fishbowl

fisherman

fisheye

fishhook

fishlike

fishmonger

fishnet

fishpond

fishtail

football

foothill

footlights

footlocker

footnote

footprints

footrest

forbearer

forearm

forebear

forebrain

forecast

forecastle

foreclose

foreclosure

forefather

forefeet

forefinger

forefoot

forego

foregone

foreground

forehand

forehead

foreknowledge

foreleg

foreman

foremost

forepaws

foresee

foreshadow

foresight

forestall

forethought

foretold

forewarn

foreword

forklift

fortnight

friendship

gearshift

glassmaking

goodbye

goodnight

grandaunt

grandchild

grandchildren

granddaughter

grandfather

grandmaster

grandmother

grandnephew

grandnieces

grandparent

grandson

grandstand

granduncle

grasshopper

grassland

graveyard

gumball

haircut

hamburger

hammerhead

handbook

handcuff

handgun

handmade

handout

headache

headdress

headlight

headline

headquarters

hereafter

hereby

herein

hereupon

herself

highball

highchair

highland

highway

himself

homemade

hometown

I’ll add more next time.

Happy writing!

Hope Toler Dougherty holds a Master’s degree in English and taught at East Carolina University and York Technical College. Her publications include three novels Irish Encounter and Mars…With Venus Rising, and Rescued Hearts as well as nonfiction articles. A member of ACFW, RWA, and SinC, she writes for SeriousWriter.com. She and her husband live in North Carolina and enjoy visits with their two daughters and twin sons.

Author of Rescued Hearts
               Irish Encounter
              Mars…With Venus Rising
Visit Hope at www.hopetolerdougherty.com
Categories
Write Justified

2 + 2 Doesn’t Always Equal 4

Students of English learn quickly that to every rule, there is an exception; sometimes the exception is the rule. That appears to be the case when forming plurals.

Most nouns form their plural by adding s or es:

  • toys
  • books
  • blocks
  • cups
  • cars

Words that end in s, x, z, ch, or sh add es (as well as another syllable) to form their plurals.

  • boxes
  • houses
  • hunches
  • wishes
  • whizzes (note the double z)

Things get a little more complicated with words that end in f or o. Words that end in f usually form the plural by turning the f to v and adding es:

  • wife  – wives
  • knife – knives
  • half – halves
  • shelf – shelves

BUT here are a couple of exceptions:

  • roof – roofs
  • safe – safes (so as not to be confused with the present tense of the verb save).

Words ending in o also present challenges. (Just ask Dan Quayle). Some add es, others only s

  • hero – heroes
  • potato – potatoes (This is the one that tripped up Vice President Quayle)
  • echo – echoes

BUT

  • ego – egos
  • portfolio – portfolios

The best thing to do with these regularly irregular plural forms is to consult the dictionary. And even then, be aware that some words have two acceptable plural forms with corresponding and distinct meanings.

The plural of staff—staffs—means a group of people. But the plural of the musical notation staff is staves.

Mediums are people with paranormal powers; media are artistic materials.

And what about hyphenated compound nouns like daughter-in-law and babe-in-arms? The answer is pretty simple. Add s to the noun portion of the compound: daughters-in-law, babes-in-arms.

Solid compounds are considered regular nouns and take an s: cupfuls, spoonfuls, handfuls, teaspoonfuls

Open compounds like attorney general also add s to the key noun: attorneys general.

The general rule—regardless of whether the compound noun is hyphenated, two words or closed—is to make the principle word plural. Another way to think of it is to pluralize the element that is subject to change in number.

Next month I’ll tackle some of the other exceptional ways to make plurals: including proper nouns, abbreviations and initialisms, and everybody’s favorite—English words adopted from the classical languages.